--- title: Reading your own profit and loss | Ashcombe & Reed description: "How an owner reads a profit and loss statement: gross margin, overhead, what the report leaves out, and the questions it answers each month." image: https://www.nopethemes.com/hubfs/tickmark/photos/meetings/meetings-07.jpg --- [Skip to main content](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/blog/reading-your-own-profit-and-loss#main-content) **Next deadline:** extended individual returns, Oct 15 [Tax calendar](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/tax-calendar) - [Client portal](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/client-portal) - [(212) 555-0148](tel:+12125550148) [![Ashcombe & Reed, CPAs](https://www.nopethemes.com/hubfs/raw_assets/public/studionope-for-accounting/images/templates/ashcombe-reed-wordmark.svg)](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/home) - Services - [Industries](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/industries) - [Partners](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/partners) - [Fees](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/fees) - [Tax calendar](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/tax-calendar) - [Resources](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/resources) - [Blog](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/blog) - [Contact](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/contact) [Book a consultation](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/contact) Services [Tax preparation and planning Returns, estimates and planning before year end.](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/services/tax-preparation) [Bookkeeping and monthly close Reconciled books by the tenth of each month.](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/services/bookkeeping) [Advisory Forecasts, entity choice and a monthly review.](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/services/advisory) [Audit and assurance Audits, reviews and compilations.](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/services/audit) Industries [Medical and dental practices Practice entities, owner pay and buy-ins.](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/industries/medical-and-dental) [Construction and trades Job costing and bonding statements.](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/industries) [Nonprofits Form 990, restricted funds and audits.](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/industries) [All industries](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/industries) - Services Services [Tax preparation and planning](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/services/tax-preparation) [Bookkeeping and monthly close](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/services/bookkeeping) [Advisory](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/services/advisory) [Audit and assurance](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/services/audit) Industries [Medical and dental practices](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/industries/medical-and-dental) [Construction and trades](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/industries) [Nonprofits](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/industries) - [Industries](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/industries) - [Partners](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/partners) - [Fees](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/fees) - [Tax calendar](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/tax-calendar) - [Resources](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/resources) - [Blog](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/blog) - [Contact](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/contact) [Book a consultation](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/contact) - [Client portal](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/client-portal) - [(212) 555-0148](tel:+12125550148) [Bookkeeping](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/blog/tag/bookkeeping)[Advisory](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/blog/tag/advisory) # Reading your own profit and loss [![](https://www.nopethemes.com/hs-fs/hubfs/raw_assets/public/studionope-for-accounting/images/photos/partners/partners-01.jpg?width=40&height=40&name=partners-01.jpg) Eleanor Ashcombe](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/blog/author/eleanor-ashcombe) Sep 1, 2026 4 min read ![A man on the phone at a bright window desk with papers](https://www.nopethemes.com/hs-fs/hubfs/tickmark/photos/meetings/meetings-07.jpg?width=1600&name=meetings-07.jpg) Many owners receive a profit and loss statement every month and read one line: the bottom one. The rest of the report explains that line, and it answers questions the bank balance cannot. Here is how we walk clients through theirs. ## The shape of the report A profit and loss statement, also called an income statement, covers a period of time: a month, a quarter, a year to date. It starts with what you earned, subtracts what the work cost, then subtracts what it cost to keep the business open. Here is a simplified example for a small contractor: | Six months ended June 30 | Amount | % of revenue | | --- | --- | --- | | Revenue | 412,000 | 100.0 | | Direct labor | 118,400 | 28.7 | | Materials | 96,300 | 23.4 | | Subcontractors | 51,200 | 12.4 | | **Cost of revenue** | **265,900** | **64.5** | | **Gross profit** | **146,100** | **35.5** | | Rent | 18,000 | 4.4 | | Office salaries | 42,500 | 10.3 | | Insurance | 14,200 | 3.4 | | Vehicles and fuel | 11,600 | 2.8 | | Other overhead | 9,800 | 2.4 | | **Total overhead** | **96,100** | **23.3** | | **Operating income** | **50,000** | **12.1** | ## Start with gross profit Gross profit is revenue minus the costs that rise and fall with the work: labor on the job, materials, subcontractors. In the example, every dollar of revenue leaves 35.5 cents to pay for everything else. That percentage, the gross margin, is the most useful figure on the page, because it tells you whether the work itself is priced correctly. Watch the margin from month to month. A falling margin with steady revenue usually means one of three things: prices have not kept up with costs, jobs are running over estimate, or costs are landing in the wrong period. The third is a bookkeeping question, and it is worth ruling out first. ## Then overhead Overhead is what it costs to stay open whether or not there is work: rent, office staff, insurance, software. It tends to move slowly, which makes it easy to stop reading. Compare each overhead line with the same period last year. Small increases across several lines add up, and they are easier to address one at a time. Dividing total overhead by the gross margin gives a rough break-even revenue. In the example, overhead of 96,100 at a 35.5% margin needs about 271,000 of revenue over the six months before the business earns anything. ## What the report leaves out A profit and loss statement is different from a cash report, and several things that move money never appear on it: - **Loan principal.** The interest on a loan is an expense. The principal repayment reduces a liability on the balance sheet. - **Equipment purchases.** A truck or a machine is recorded as an asset and expensed over time through depreciation. - **Owner draws and distributions.** These are payments to owners out of equity. In a sole proprietorship or partnership they are not business expenses at all. - **Sales tax collected.** It belongs to the state and sits on the balance sheet until you remit it. This is why a profitable month can end with less cash in the bank. Read the profit and loss next to the balance sheet, and the gap usually explains itself. ## Cash or accrual Check which basis the report uses. On the cash basis, revenue appears when the customer pays and expenses when you pay them. On the accrual basis, revenue appears when you earn it and expenses when you incur them. Accrual reports show the result of the work done in a period. Cash reports show what moved through the account. Many owner-run businesses keep books on one basis and file taxes on another, and your accountant can print either. ## Ten minutes a month When the report arrives, read it in this order: 1. Revenue compared with last month and the same month last year. 2. Gross margin, and the reason for any change of more than a point or two. 3. Each overhead line compared with last year. 4. Operating income, and what it means for cash once loan payments and draws are counted. Write down the questions and send them to whoever keeps the books before the next report arrives. Note This article is general information. It is not tax advice for your situation. ![Eleanor Ashcombe](https://www.nopethemes.com/hs-fs/hubfs/raw_assets/public/studionope-for-accounting/images/photos/partners/partners-01.jpg?width=480&name=partners-01.jpg) ### Eleanor Ashcombe Managing partner, CPA. Eleanor leads tax planning for owner-run businesses in construction and professional services, and reviews every construction client's year-end file herself. [More about Eleanor](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/partners/eleanor-ashcombe) [Book a consultation](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/contact) [mailto:?subject=Check%20out%20https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/blog/reading-your-own-profit-and-loss&utm_medium=social&utm_source=email%20&body=Check%20out%20https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/blog/reading-your-own-profit-and-loss&utm_medium=social&utm_source=email](mailto:?subject=Check%20out%20https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/blog/reading-your-own-profit-and-loss&utm_medium=social&utm_source=email%20&body=Check%20out%20https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/blog/reading-your-own-profit-and-loss&utm_medium=social&utm_source=email) Further reading ## More from the partners [![Ashcombe & Reed, CPAs](https://www.nopethemes.com/hubfs/raw_assets/public/studionope-for-accounting/images/templates/ashcombe-reed-wordmark-light.svg)](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/home) Tax, bookkeeping, advisory and audit for owner-run businesses and the families behind them. 118 West 27th Street, Floor 6, New York, NY 10001 Mon–Fri 8:30–5:30 · extended hours Feb 1 – Apr 15 Services - [Tax](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/services/tax-preparation) - [Bookkeeping](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/services/bookkeeping) - [Advisory](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/services/advisory) - [Audit](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/services/audit) Firm - [About](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/about) - [Partners](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/partners) - [Industries](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/industries) - [Tax calendar](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/tax-calendar) Clients - [Client portal](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/client-portal) - [Fees](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/fees) - [Resources](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/resources) - [Contact](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/contact) Content on this site is general information. It is not tax, legal or accounting advice for your situation. Please do not send confidential documents by email; use the client portal. © 2026 Ashcombe & Reed, CPAs [Privacy](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/legal#privacy) [Terms](https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/legal#terms) ```json { "@context" : "https://schema.org", "@type" : "BlogPosting", "author" : { "@type" : "Person", "name" : "Eleanor Ashcombe", "url" : "https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/blog/author/eleanor-ashcombe" }, "datePublished" : "2026-09-01T13:00:00.000Z", "headline" : "Reading your own profit and loss | Ashcombe & Reed", "image" : [ "https://www.nopethemes.com/hubfs/tickmark/photos/meetings/meetings-07.jpg" ], "mainEntityOfPage" : { "@id" : "https://www.nopethemes.com/tickmark/blog/reading-your-own-profit-and-loss", "@type" : "WebPage" }, "publisher" : { "@type" : "Organization", "logo" : { "@type" : "ImageObject", "url" : "https://www.nopethemes.com/hubfs/studio-nope-themes-logo.png" } } } ```